Fig. 6

Quantitative analysis for immune cells and immune molecules implicated in GDM mice in response to oral probiotics. A Treg immune cells in control pregnant mice, untreated GDM mice, and GDM mice treated with oral probiotics were detected by flow cytometry. B Breg immune cells in control pregnant mice, untreated GDM mice, and GDM mice treated with oral probiotics detected by flow cytometry. C Tfr immune cells in control pregnant mice, untreated GDM mice, and GDM mice treated with oral probiotics detected by flow cytometry. D The concentrations (ng/mL) of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β in the serum of control pregnant mice, untreated GDM mice, and GDM mice treated with oral probiotics measured by ELISA. E Leptin protein levels in control pregnant mice, untreated GDM mice, and GDM mice treated with oral probiotics measured by ELISA. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. n = 3