Fig. 1
From: HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases
The structure and function of HMGB1. HMGB1 contains two DNA binding domains (HMG A box domain [9–79 aa] and HMG B box domain [95–163 aa]), a C-terminal acidic tail (186–215 aa) and a N-terminal region. Residues 150–183 bind to RAGE to promote cell migration, while residues 89–108 in charge of activating cytokine and binding to the TLR4 structural domain to promote inflammation. Two nuclear localization signals: NLS1 (28–44 aa) and NLS2 (179–185 aa). HMGB1 encode three cysteines: Cys23, Cys45 and Cys106