Fig. 8
From: Research progress on multiple cell death pathways of podocytes in diabetic kidney disease
Mitotic catastrophe-related pathway. The rad3-associated protein (ATR)-chk1 signaling pathway is activated in the absence of G2 checkpoints, and restoring S/G2 and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints can avoid mitosis disasters. DNA damage inhibits checkpoint kinase 1 (chk1) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, which in turn inhibits the recovery of cell cycle checkpoints and ultimately leads to mitotic catastrophe. In addition, PI3K-like kinase (PIKK)/mTOR inhibitors cause single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) accumulation, replication mutations, and mitotic failure, and eventually mitotic catastrophe as well