Fig. 9
From: Research progress on multiple cell death pathways of podocytes in diabetic kidney disease
Modes of podocyte death in DKD. Apoptosis is characterized by nuclear condensation and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Autophagy is characterized by extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization leading to the formation of an autophagosome, phagocytosis, and subsequent lysosomal degradation. ER stress is caused by excessively prolonged unfolded protein response (UPR) UPR. Pyroptosis activates inflammatory factors to aggravate podocyte injuries. Necroptosis drives signaling cascades, such as receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like, ultimately promoting the death of podocytes. Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipotoxicity-dependent form of regulated cell death (RCD), and MC mediates a faulty mitotic process