Research progress on multiple cell death pathways of podocytes in diabetic kidney disease

Table 1 Comparisons among various types of cell death

Cell death type	Apoptosis	Autophagy	ER stress	Pyroptosis	Necroptosis	Ferroptosis	Mitotic catastrophe
Inducement	Gene regulation under physiological conditions	Nutritional deficiency or hormone induction	Pathological stimulation	Pathological stimulation	Pathological changes or severe injuries	Pathological stimulation	Pathological stimulation
Cellular morphology	Shrinkage	Produce cavitation	The cells were enlarged and deformed	The cells were enlarged and deformed	The cells were enlarged and deformed	The cells were enlarged and deformed	The cells were enlarged and deformed
Cytomembrane	Membrane structure intact	Membrane structure intact	Membrane structure intact	Membranolysis	Membranolysis	Membrane structure intact	Membrane structure intact
Organelle	Integrity	It is phagocytosed by autophagosomes and eventually digested by lysosomes	Deformation or swelling	Deformation	Deformation or swelling	Deformation or swelling	Deformation or swelling
DNA	Degraded to fragments of 180 to 200bp and their integer multiples	Random degradation	Random degradation	Random degradation	Random degradation	Random degradation	Random degradation
References	Erekat (2022a, b, c)	Meng et al. (2019); Tang et al. (2019); Liu et al. (2022a, b)	Fan et al. (2017a, 2017b)	Cao et al. (2022)	Liu et al. (2018)	Dixon et al. (2012); Yang and Stockwell (2008)	Castedo et al. (2004); Vitale et al. (2011)

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