Fig. 4

Autophagy and epilepsy. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) activates FOXO3, and autophagy, inhibits P53 and promotes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PC-1α) which reduces mitochondrial dysfunction. Phospholipase D inhibits autophagy through activation of mTOR, inhibition of AMPK and inhibition of the interaction between Beclin-1 and vacuolar sorting protein 34 (Vps34). P53 and IP3 inhibit autophagy through the activation of the mTOR pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) IP3 receptors, respectively. Additionally, autophagy is activated by Atg7 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). GSK3 inhibits the mTOR pathway which is implicated in epileptogenesis