Fig. 5

ALDH2 involvement in regulating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated H9C2 cells. A, B Western blot analysis was performed to screen cGAS-siRNA and quantify its expression levels (n = 3). C–H Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the protein expression levels of cGAS, STING, IRF3, TBK1, and ALDH2 in H9C2 cell lysates, followed by quantitative analysis (n = 3 or n = 4 or n = 5). I Mitochondrial membrane potential permeability was evaluated by staining H9C2 cells with JC-1 dye and analyzing them using confocal microscopy. J Ratio of JC-1 aggregates/monomers (vs. Control). K ROS levels were assessed by staining H9C2 cells with DCFH-DA dye and evaluating them using confocal microscopy. L Relative fluorescence intensity of intracellular ROS. M–O Western blot analysis was used to analyze the protein expression levels of BAX, BCL-2, and cleaved caspase-3 in H9C2 cell lysates, followed by quantitative analysis (n = 4 or n = 5). P, Q Flow cytometry analysis was performed to analyze the apoptosis rate of H9C2 cells (n = 3). R–T ELISA was used to evaluate the expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the supernatant of H9C2 cells after cGAS knockdown in different groups (n = 3)