Fig. 2
From: Diabetes-induced male infertility: potential mechanisms and treatment options
Potential mechanism of diabetes-induced male infertility. HG: high glucose; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UPR: unfolded protein response; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; RAGE: the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; PI3: phosphoinositide 3; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; p70S6K: p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ED: erectile dysfunction; HPG: hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal axis; GnRH: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; AP-1: activator protein 1; ET-1: endothelin-1; ICR: imprinting control area