Fig. 5

Fluvoxamine suppresses the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from CD4⁺ effector T cells. Splenic CD4⁺ T cells were isolated and pretreated with fluvoxamine or vehicle for 24 h, then changed medium and washed twice by complete medium, continued to culture the cells by new complete medium for 48 h. Supernatants were collected and A IL-1β, B TNF-α and C IFN-γ levels were analyzed by ELISA. D Schematic diagram of the co-culture system. Supernatants were co-cultured with NIT-1 cells for 24 h and then compared E apoptosis rate of NIT-1 cells in two groups. The isolated islets from NOD mice were randomly divided into four equals, following by adding culture supernatants of diabetogenic CD4⁺ T cells F, or treating with vehicle or fluvoxamine G. Then the islets were challenged with low (3.3 mM) or high (16.7 mM) glucose for 1 h, and insulin content in the supernatants was measured by ELISA. NIT-1 cells were treated with IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines in the presence of fluvoxamine or vehicle for 24 h and tested the intracellular H accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and I apoptosis rate. The blank group consisted cells exclusively present in the medium. Each dot represents the mean of three biological replicates. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was calculated by unpaired Student’s t test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ns, not significant. Statistical difference in H, I was analyzed by one-way ANOVA