Table 1 Immunological alterations after trauma-hemorrhage and effect of estrogen in restoring the altered functions.
Immune compartment | Function | Trauma-hemorrhage | Estrogen administration |
|---|---|---|---|
Neutrophils | KC production | ↑ | → |
Tissue infiltration | ↑ | → | |
Macrophages (PBMC, spleen, peritoneal cavity) | Antigen presentation | ↓ | → |
IL-Iβ, IL-6, and TNF-α production | ↓ | → | |
Dendritic cells (spleen) | Maturation | ↓ | → |
Antigen presentation | ↓ | ||
IL-6, and TNF-α production | ↓ | ||
Kupffer cells | |||
Antigen presentation | ↓ | → | |
IL-6 and TNF-α production | ↑ | → | |
T cells | |||
T-cell proliferation | ↓ | → | |
T-cell function | ↓ | → | |
Apoptosis | ↑ | ND |