Figure 1

Choline inhibits TNF release (A) and NF-κB activation (B) in endotoxin-stimulated RAW-264.7 mouse macrophage-like cells. (A) RAW cells were exposed to the indicated concentration of choline 10 min prior to the addition of endotoxin (4 ng/mL). Culture supernatants were harvested 4 h later and TNF was determined by ELISA. Data represent the mean ± SEM of two representative experiments conducted in duplicate (*P < 0.04 as compared, with vehicle (V) treated controls). (B) RAW cells were exposed to the indicated concentrations of choline 10 min prior to the addition of endotoxin (4 ng/mL) and cells were harvested 2 h after endotoxin challenge for determination of NF-κB activation by EMSA. Autoradiographs were subjected to densitometry by using Quantity One software (Biorad). Data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments (*P < 0.04, **P < 0.006 as compared with the lowest choline concentration tested).