Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer Patients: Methodological Pitfalls and Clinical Relevance

Table 3 Molecular staging in prostate cancer using PCR-based protocols.

Tumor marker assay	Biological fluid	Detection method	Clinical relevance^a	References
PSA	Blood	RT-PCR	Yes	Katz et al. (135)
				Katz et al. (172)
				Olsson et al. (174)
				Olsson et al. (177)
				Ghossein et al. (178)
			No	Ellis et al. (157)
PSA and PSMA	Blood	RT-PCR	Yes (PSA), No (PSMA)	Cama et al. (149)
			No (PSA), Yes (PSMA)	Okegawa et al. (179)
			Yes	Zhang et al. (180)
				Grasso et al. (164)
				Lembessis et al. (137)
	Blood, bone marrow	RT-PCR	Yes	Mitsiades et al. (175)
				Sourla et al.(176)
PSMA	Blood	RT-PCR	Yes	Loric et al. (181)
			No	Cama et al. (149)
				Noguchi et al. (182)
				Sokoloff et al. (143)
PSCA	Blood	RT-PCR	Yes	Hara et al. (183)
	Tissue	Immunohistochemistry	Yes	Gu et al. (96)
				Han et al. (184)
		In situ hybridization	Yes	Zhigang et al. (187)
	Tissue, blood	Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR	Yes	Joung et al. (185)
CK19	Blood	RT-PCR	Yes	Kaneda et al. (192)
				Machado et al. (193)
PTHrP	Tissue	Immunohistochemistry	Yes	Asadi et al. (127)
				Bryden et al. (132)

^aClinical relevance: tumor extracapsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margins, surgical failure, postoperative biochemical recurrence.

ISSN: 1528-3658