Table 1 Overview of studies describing the role of the sympathetic nervous system using adrenergic receptor drug intervention in experimental animal models of rheumatoid arthritis.
Effect on SNS | Intervention | Arthritis model | Time point start intervention | Effect on arthritis | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single interventions | |||||
Catecholamine depletion | ADMXa | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Decreased severity | (22) |
| Â | Systemic | CIA (DBA/1 mice) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity | (35) |
| Â | sympathectomy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | (6-OHDA) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Systemic | CIA (DBA/1 mice) | After disease onset, | Increased severity | (35) |
| Â | sympathectomy | Â | during active disease | Â | Â |
| Â | (6-OHDA) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
| Â | Reserpine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity + delayed onset | (23) |
| Â | Reserpine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity | (23) |
| Â | Reserpine (intraarticular injection) | CIA (DBA/1 mice) | After disease onset, during active disease | Reduced severity in injected joint | (41) |
α1-AR antagonist | Prazosin | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | |
α2-AR agonist | Clonidine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity | (33) |
| Â | NE (high dose) | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity | (33) |
α2-AR antagonist | Yohimbine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | (23) |
| Â | Yohimbine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Increased severity | (33) |
α-AR antagonist | Phentolamine | AIA (Lewis rats) | At time of immunization | Increased severity | (24) |
| Â | Â | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity | (24) |
| Â | Phenoxybenzamine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | (23) |
β1-AR antagonist | Metoprolol | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | (23) |
β2-AR agonist | Terbutaline | AIA (Lewis rats) | At time of immunization | Increased severity | (24) |
| Â | Â | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity | (24) |
| Â | Salbutamol | CIA (DBA/1 mice) | After disease onset, during active arthritis | Reduced severity | (34) |
| Â | Â | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | (33) |
β2-AR antagonists | Butoxamine or ICI 118,551 | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity + delayed onset | (23) |
| Â | Butoxamine | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity | (23) |
β1/β2-AR agonist | Isoproterenol | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | No effect | (33) |
β-AR antagonist | Propanolol | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Reduced severity | (23) |
Combined interventions | |||||
α- and β-AR agonists + α1-AR antagonist | NE and prazosin | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity (NE effect) | (33) |
α- and β-AR agonists + α2-AR antagonist | NE and yohimbine | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Increased severity (combined effect) | (33) |
α- and β-AR agonists + β1-antagonist | NE and metopropolol | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity (NE effect) | (33) |
α- and β-AR agonists + β2-AR antagonist | NE and butoxamine | AIA (Lewis rats) | At disease onset | Reduced severity (NE effect) | (33) |
Catecholamine depletion + administration (α-AR and β-AR agonists) | ADMX and NE | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Increased severity compared with ADMX | (22) |
Catecholamine depletion + β2-AR agonist | ADMX and salbutamol | AIA (Sprague-Dawley rats) | Prior to immunization | Increased severity compared with ADMX | (22) |