Figure 1

HDAC inhibitors ameliorate intestinal inflammation. Orally administered HDAC inhibitors affect mucosal immune cells such as CD4⁺T cells, DCs or macrophages. Whereas in T helper cells, class II HDACs act as the main targets for the antiinflammatory effect, in DCs or macrophages, both classes are relevant. In all three cell types, proinflammatory markers were downregulated (arrows at the center) and more protective markers were upregulated (arrows on the outside) leading to an overall protective effect within the inflamed mucosa.