Table 1 Properties of HDACi’s for treating disease not related to cancer.

Reviewed in (79)

Improved survival after hemorrhage (89)

Decreased cytokinemia after systemic endotoxin (10,11,136)

Decreased NO production (6,10,32)

Protection against hepatitis after intravenous concanavalin A (11)

Suppression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression (137)

In vitro cytokine production

Decreased gene expression and synthesis of LPS-induced TNFα and IFNγ in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (10,11,138)

Decreased IL-1 β-induced IL-6 in synovial cells and human blood monocytes (23)

Reduced IFNγ in mouse trophoblasts (139)

Decreased production of IL-6 in PBMCs stimulated with IL-12 plus IL-18 (11)

Decreased secretion of IL-1 β (10,11,52)

Decreased IL-12 and IL-17 production from monocytes and dendritic cells (10,20,50)

Decreased IL-6 from stromal cells (104)

Reduced IL-1 β-induced PGE2 and NO in human chrondrocytes (140)

Decreased ischemia-induced retinal TNFα production (141)

Downregulation of IL-12 transcription in transformed lung epithelial cells (142)

Increased PGD2 production and suppression of matrix metalloproteinases (82)

Suppression of c-jun and transcription of COX-2 (83)

Models of inflammatory bowel disease

Reviewed in (74)

Reduced disease severity in dextran sodium sulfate and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis (143,144)

Decreased cytokine levels in colitis model (143,144)

Reduced severity of colitis in HDAC-9-deficient mice (145)

Suppression of COX-2 activation in colon cells (146)

Immunosuppressive properties

Reviewed in (43,75,76)

Survival benefit in GvHD (71,72,147)

Sparing effect on graft versus leukemia (71)

Increased Foxp3+T-regulatory cells (148,149)

Reduced incidence of diabetes in NOD mouse (36)

Induction of antigen-specific anergy in lymphocytes (150)

Improved allograft transplantation (148,151)

Induction of IDO and inhibition of dendritic cell maturation (44)

Reduced nephritis in lupus-prone mice (119,120)

Decrease disease severity in experimental allergic encephalitis (76,152)

Suppression of Th1 polarization of murine dendritic cells (153)

Inhibition of IL-2 gene expression in T cells (154,155)

Reduced cytokine production in primary human T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 (156)

Inhibition of CD154 (CD40L) expression in T cells (157)

Models of arthritis

Reviewed in (25,26)

Reduced joint destruction in collagen-induced arthritis (25,158,159)

Decreased bone and cartilage loss (25)

Lower cytokine and chemokine levels (23,24)

Decreased synovial cell proliferation (160)

Abrogation of TGFβ-1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation (161)

Inhibition of IL-1 β-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression in human articular

chondrocytes (162)

Heart failure

Reviewed in (63)

Reduced Hop-mediated hypertrophy and heart failure (163)

Decreased left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy (164)

Reduced cardiac arrhythmias in dystrophic mice (165)

Brain and neurological systems

Reviewed in (77) and (76)

Improved neurological recovery after closed head trauma (93)

Reduced gliosis and neuronal apoptosis (93,166)

Decreased neuroinflammation in glial cells (41)

Reduced brain infarct after cerebral artery occlusion (115,167,168)

Decreased disease severity in models of Huntington disease (96,97,99)

Reduced loss of function in ALS model (169,170)

Effects in multiple sclerosis (76,152)

Models of diabetes

Reviewed in (34)

Decreased death in IL-1 β-induced pancreatic insulin-producing β cells (6),32–35,171)

Decreased death in IL-1 β-induced insulin-producing INS cells (32,34,35)

Protection from streptozotocin-induced diabetes (6)

Decreased islet cytokine production (6)

Inhibition of IL-1 β-induced NO production by pancreatic islets (6,32,34,35)

Fibrotic diseases

Prevention of renal interstitial fibrosis after ureteral obstruction (172)

Decreased left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy (164)

Increased basic morphogenic protein 7 in the regenerative response to renal ischemia (173)

Reduced fibrotic changes in tubulointerstitial injury (174)

Inhibition of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis (175)

Decreased TGFβ-1-induced renal injury (176)

Suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induced by TGFβ (177)

Muscular dystrophy

Reviewed in (78)

HIV-1 purging

Reviewed in (38)

In vitro studies (19,38,132,133)

Studies in humans (116,131)