Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of subjects included in the study.

n

16

20

17

Age (years)

32 ± 5

34 ± 2

49 ± 3^a

BMI (kg/m²)

20.4 ± 0.8

44.0 ± 1.3^b

47.0 ± 2.4^b

Body fat (%)

26.2 ± 2.0

53.8 ± 0.9^b

54.1 ± 1.2^b

Waist circumference (cm)

66.8 ± 1.3

112.8 ± 3.6^b

130.6 ± 4.7^b,c

WHR

0.76 ± 0.03

0.86 ± 0.02^a

0.90 ± 0.02^b

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

88.8 ± 5.8

90.7 ± 3.2

131.2 ± 12.9^b,d

2-h OGTT glucose (mg/dL)

101.0 ± 14.1

120.0 ± 8.4

238.1 ± 37.5^b,d

Fasting insulin (µU/mL)

7.2 ± 1.4

12.8 ± 1.7

28.5 ± 4.1^b,d

2-h OGTT insulin (µU/mL)

8.5 ± 1.9

87.5 ± 13.9

132.6 ± 33.5^b,d

HOMA

1.7 ± 1.0

2.9 ± 0.4

9.8 ± 2.4^b,d

QUICKI

0.367 ± 0.043

0.333 ± 0.006^b

0.288 ± 0.008^b,d

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

76 ± 13

98 ± 8

130 ± 14^a

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

182 ± 11

194 ± 10

202 ± 11

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

102 ± 11

130 ± 9

129 ± 12

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

61 ± 4

44 ± 2^b

48 ± 5^a

Leptin (ng/mL)

8.3 ± 1.6

64.7 ± 7.0^b

67.3 ± 7.0^b

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

21.4 ± 5.4

8.1 ± 1.2^a

10.0 ± 0.6^a

Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.0 ± 0.2

5.1 ± 0.3

5.9 ± 0.4^b

CRP (mg/L)

1.1 ± 0.3

8.4 ± 1.3^b

13.3 ± 3.9^b

Fibrinogen (mg/dL)

208 ± 24

363 ± 27^b

385 ± 25^b

vWF (%)

65 ± 10

97 ± 12

125 ± 17^a

Homocysteine (µmol/L)

6.8 ± 0.9

6.8 ± 0.5

8.3 ± 0.6

IL-6 (pg/mL)

1.6 ± 0.1

2.5 ± 0.2^b

2.8 ± 0.3^b

TNF-α (pg/mL)

2.05 ± 0.06

2.40 ± 0.16

2.67 ± 0.13^b

PAI-1 (ng/mL)

0.10 ± 0.01

0.22 ± 0.02^b

0.50 ± 0.08^b,d

E-selectin (ng/mL)

0.11 ± 0.01

0.17 ± 0.02

0.28 ± 0.04^b,c

ICAM-1 (ng/mL)

0.75 ± 0.05

0.81 ± 0.06

0.81 ± 0.6

Vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (ng/mL)

5.73 ± 0.61

5.22 ± 0.26

7.12 ± 0.52^c

Alanine aminotransferase (UI/L)

7 ± 1

20 ± 3

33 ± 6^b,c

Aspartate aminotransferase (UI/L)

11 ± 1

13 ± 1

21 ± 5

Alkaline phosphatase (UI/L)

88 ± 9

109 ± 8

122 ± 10

Y-Glutamyltransferase (UI/L)

9 ± 1

18 ± 2

33 ± 6^b,c