Figure 4

TLR4 ligands regulated cytokine release. Motor neuron/glia cocultures were treated with 1 µg/mL LPS, alone or with 20 µg/mL VB3323 or RsLPS. Culture media were collected at different times, and cytokine concentrations were measured by ELISA. (A) Time course of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 β release induced by LPS. Concentrations of cytokines in the culture media peaked between 18 and 24 h after exposure to LPS. (B) VB3323 or RsLPS significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IL-6 or IL-1 β induced by LPS after 24 h. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA and Tukey test.