Figure 1

HMGB1-induced TNF-α release is TLR4 dependent. (A) Supernatants from RAW264.7 cells treated with vehicle, LPS (0.1, 0.5 or 1 ng/mL) or HMGB1 (0.5, 1, 2, 5, or 10 µg/mL) with or without polymyxin B (PMB) (10 pg/mL) for 18 h were assessed for TNF-α production by using ELISA. (B) Supernatants of peritoneal macrophages from WT or TLR4^−/− mice treated with LPS (1 ng/mL) and HMGB1 (2, 5 or 10 µg/mL) for 18 h were assessed for TNF-α by using ELISA. Data are representative of three independent experiments in triplicate (mean ± SEM, ^#P < 0.05 between designated, *P < 0.05 versus control).