Figure 2

Release and activity of DAMPs in acute pancreatitis. Various pathologic insults cause mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in pancreatic acinar cells, which leads to activation of multiple pathologic signals such as oxidative stress and calcium overload. These signals are common triggers of cell death (for example, necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagic cell death) through different regulator or effector proteins as indicated. In contrast to the intracellular physiological role of DAMPs, extracellular DAMPs from cell death are important mediators of local and systemic inflammatory responses through different receptors (for example, TLRs, NLRs, RAGE and P2X7).