Interleukin-37 Expression Is Increased in Chronic HIV-1-Infected Individuals and Is Associated with Inflammation and the Size of the Total Viral Reservoir

Table 3 Laboratory results for all participants.

Characteristic	cART-naïve (n = 20)^a		cART-treated inadequate responders (n = 20)^a		cART-treated responders (n = 20)^a		Noninfected controls (n = 20)^a	Overall P value
IL-37 mRNA:U6 ratio per 10⁶ PBMCs unstimulated (SD)	0.080 (0.05)	**	0.129 (0.10)	********	0.134 (0.12)	********	0.033 (0.03)	<0.0001
IL-37 mRNA:U6 ratio per 10⁶ PBMCs stimulated with RPMI for 24 h (SD)	0.559 (0.45)	********	0.815 (0.38)	********	0.658 (0.34)	********	0.140 (0.11)	<0.0001
IL-37 mRNA:U6 ratio per 10⁶ PBMCs stimulated with LPS 24h (SD)	0.759 (0.62)	**	1.372 (0.76)	********	1.198 (1.40)	********	0.210 (0.13)	<0.0001
sCD14 plasma, 10⁶ pg/mL (SD)	4.27 (1.05)	ns	4.91 (1.07)	*	3.65 (0.80)	ns	2.62 (0.35)	0.03
sCD163 plasma µg/mL (SD)	2.78 (1.30)	*******	2.25 (0.91)	*	1.66 (0.55)	ns	1.52 (0.44)	<0.0001
hsIL-6 plasma, pg/mL (SD)	3.65 (2.94)	ns	3.13 (2.79)	ns	3.43 (2.90)	ns	2.35 (2.49)	0.17
CD38 positive CD4⁺ T cells (SD)	16.9 (6.5)	ns	15.3 (9.1)	ns	10.9 (4.3)	ns	11.6 (4.9)	0.01
CD38 positive CD8⁺ T cells (SD)	21.3 (10.6)	********	7.0 (6.0)	ns	3.1 (1.9)	ns	3.7 (2.0)	<0.0001
Total viral reservoir, HIV-DNA per 10⁶ PBMCs (SD)	—	—	424.9 (623)	—	582.6 (976)	—	—	0.95

SD, standard deviation.
^aANOVA with multiple comparisons analysis. Asterisks (*) correspond to the level of significance in relation to noninfected controls: *: p ≤ 0.05; **: p ≤ 0.01; ***: p ≤ 0.001; ****: p ≤ 0.0001; ns: p > 0.05. Right column corresponds to the overall comparison.

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