Figure 3
From: High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1): The Prototypical Endogenous Danger Molecule
Redox-dependent regulation of HMGB1 cytokine activity. Disulfide HMGB1 interacts with MD-2 to facilitate the TLR4/MD-2 complex formation to elicit inflammatory responses. Fully reduced HMGB1 complexes with CXCL12 to induce recruitment of immune cells and other cells meant for repair. Terminal oxidation of any cysteine residue (sulfonyl HMGB1) prevents HMGB1 from expressing any cytokine or chemotactic activity.