Figure 4

NOX4 is required for IL-1β and HMGB1 release in activated macrophages. (A) Indicated macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) and IL-1β levels at 2 h and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) at 24 h in supernatants were assayed using ELISA (n = 3, *, p < 0.05 versus control shRNA group). (B) Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) in the absence or presence of plumbagin (3 µmol/L) and GKT137831 (1 µmol/L) and the levels of IL-1β at 2 h and HMGB1 at 24 h in supernatants were assayed using ELISA (n = 3, *, p < 0.05 versus LPS group). (C–D) Plumbagin (3 µmol/L) inhibited LPS (100 ng/mL)-induced PKM2 mRNA expression and indicated cytokine release in NOX4-overexpressed BMDMs (n = 3, *, p < 0.05).