Figure 2

Global impact of EERMs on nuclear epigenetic events. The EERMs (dark green) including NAD⁺, NADH, SAM, Acetyl-CoA and α-KG are mainly synthesized within cytoplasm and their cytoplasmic concentration is regulated through multiple metabolic pathways. These EERMs are freely permeabilized into the nucleus and act as cofactors for epigenetic modification enzymes. The metabolism precursors and co-enzymes (light green) that are necessary for synthesizing EERMs are absorbed mainly from extracellular supplies and their abundance may modulate the nuclear epigenetic activities via EERMs indirectly.