- Original Articles
- Published:
The Effect of Bcr-Abl Protein Tyrosine Kinase on Maturation and Proliferation of Primitive Haematopoietic Cells
Molecular Medicine volume 6, pages 892–902 (2000)
Abstract
Background
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is characterised by the chromosomal translocation resulting in expression of the Bcr-Abl protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) in early stem cells and their progeny. However the precise nature of Bcr-Abl effects in primitive CML stem cells remains a matter of active debate.
Materials and Methods
Extremely primitive Bcr-Abl fusion positive cells were purified from patients with CML using multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of CD34, Thy, and lineage marker (Lin) expression, plus rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) brightness. Progenitor cells of increasing maturity were examined for cycling status by flow cytometry and their proliferative status directly correlated with cell phenotype. The activation status of a key transcription factor, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT-5), was also analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
Results
The most primitive stem cells currently defined (CD34+Lin-Thy+ Rh-123lo) were present as a lower proportion of the stem cell compartment (CD34+Lin-) of CML patients at presentation than of normal individuals (2.3% ± 0.4 compared with 5.1% ± 0.6 respectively). Conversely there was a significantly higher proportion of the more mature cells (CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123 hi) in CML patients than in normal individuals (79.3 ± 1.8 compared with 70.9 ± 3.3). No primitive subpopulation of CML CD34+Lin-cells was cycling to a significantly greater degree than cells from normal donors, in fact, late progenitor cells (CD34+ Lin+) were cycling significantly less in CML samples than normal samples. STAT5, however, was observed to be activated in CML cells.
Conclusions
We conclude that no subpopulation of CML stem cells displays significantly increased cell cycling. Thus, increased cycling cannot be a direct consequence of Bcr-Abl PTK acquisition in highly enriched stem cells from patients with CML. In vivo CML need not be considered a disease of unbridled stem cell proliferation, but a subtle defect in the balance between self renewal and maturation.
Introduction
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a haemopoietic stem cell disease characterized by a specific chromosomal translocation that leads to the production of the chimeric protein, Bcr-Abl (1,2). Bcr-Abl is a promiscuous protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that causes a leukaemialike disease in mouse models (3–8). Bcr-Abl PTK has been studied in a variety of different cell systems, including fibroblasts, interleukin-3 (IL-3) dependent haemopoietic cell lines that are differentiation-blocked, and also in haemo-poietic cell lines that are able to differentiate (9–19). Within both fibroblasts and IL-3-dependent, differentiation-blocked cell lines, Bcr-Abl can stimulate autonomous proliferation in that the cells do not require serum factors or cytokines, respectively, in order to proliferate. However, others (14,20) have demonstrated that the initial effects of Bcr-Abl PTK are not to induce cytokine-independent survival and proliferation. Most recently, it has been shown that purified populations of primitive cells derived from CML patients can proliferate in the absence of added growth factor by virtue of their autocrine production of IL-3 and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (21). These studies were performed either on cell lines or on cultured cells from CML patients; whereas, the precise nature of the Bcr-Abl effect on stem cell proliferation in vivo has not been investigated due to difficulties with performing multiparametric analyses to define the stem cell compartment and simultaneously analyze the cell cycle status.
The observation that the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome can be found in many different haematopoietic lineages has been held to infer that the initial Bcr-Abl translocation event occurs in primitive multipotent stem cells and acquisition of Bcr-Abl has been demonstrated in all populations of stem cells investigated so far, including those with the most primitive phenotype (22,23). As fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology has become more sophisticated and accurate, almost all CML progenitors have been found to be Bcr-Abl fusion-positive at presentation (24,25). However, although it is clear that Bcr-Abl acquisition by stem cells is an essential transforming event implicated in the pathogenesis of CML, the mechanism underlying transformation as a consequence of elevated kinase activity has yet to be clearly defined. Since the Bcr-Abl translocation is known to occur in the stem cell compartment of CML patients, it is the expression of Bcr-Abl in the context of this specific cell type that will provide biologically relevant information on the mechanism underlying the leukaemogenic effects of Bcr-Abl in CML and the development of novel treatment strategies. In the present study, we assessed the maturation and cycling status of Bcr-Abl PTK positive cells in primary, uncultured stem cell populations isolated directly from patients with CML.
Materials and Methods
Primary Cells
Samples of peripheral blood from chronic phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients were collected at presentation, before treatment. All samples used in the study were shown to be Philadelphia positive by standard cytogenetics, and patients with additional chromosome abnormalities were excluded from the study. Mononuclear cells (MNC) were prepared by centrifugation over Ficoll Hypaque (Pharmacia Biotech, Herts, UK), and in some cases CD34+ cells were selected using the MiniMacs system (Miltenyi Biotech Ltd., Bisley, UK). Cells were then stained with CD34 allo-phycocyanin (APC), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated lineage markers (CD2, CD14, CD15, CD19,) and Thy-1 phycoerythrin (PE) (all from Becton Dickinson, Oxford U.K.). Negative controls using isotype-matched antibodies were routinely performed and dead cells were excluded by propidium iodide staining. Stem cells were isolated by multiparameter sorting on a FACSVantage (Becton Dickinson, Oxford, U.K.), with purities of >90% (Fig. 1).
FISH Analysis
Slides were prepared either by sorting cells directly onto microscope slides using the FACS-Vantage CloneCyt software (Becton Dickinson, Oxford, U.K.), or by preparation of cytospins from bulk-sorted cells. Slides were air-dried overnight and stored at − 80°C until use, then fixed in 3:1 methanol:acetic acid at room temperature for 30 min, before dehydration in alcohol. Slides were digested using 10 µg/ml proteinase K, dehydrated in alcohol, then soaked in 2X standard saline citrate (SSC) pH 7.0/0.5% NP40 for 2 hr at 37°C. Cells were denatured in formamide for 5 min at 73°C, then dehydrated in alcohol. The BCR/ABL1 D-FISH™ translocation DNA probe (Oncor Inc., Middlesex, UK) was denatured at 72°C for 5 min before adding to slides that were then hybridized overnight at 37°C. After washing slides in 0.5X SSC for 5 min at 70°C, slides were mounted in Vectorshield (Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK) and analyzed on a Leica fluorescence microscope. Using this probe, normal cells displayed a pattern of two red signals and two green signals. Abnormal cells displayed a pattern of one red signal, one green signal, and two fusion signals, or two red signals, two green signals, and one fusion signal. Nuclei displaying any other signal patterns were not scored.
Cell Cycle and Rh-123 Analysis
Sorted normal bone marrow (NBM) and CML cells were incubated with Rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) at 0.1 µg/ml for 15 min at 37°C, then washed and incubated in Hoechst 33342 (Molecular Probes, Leiden, Holland) (10 µM) for 45 min at 37°C. Cell cycle status and Rh-123 retention were evaluated on the FACSVantage flow cytometer using ultraviolet (UV) and 488 excitation, respectively. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) data was analyzed using CellQuest software (Beckton Dickinson, Oxford, UK) (Fig. 1).
STAT 5 Translocation
Slides of CD34+ cells were prepared by sorting 3000–5000 cells directly onto microscope slides using the FACSVantage CloneCyt software. Cytospins were prepared of mononuclear cells. Slides were air-dried, fixed in methanol (10 min prechilled to −20°C), then allowed to dry at room temperature. Slides were rehydrated in phosphate-buffered saline/bovine serum albumin (PBS/BSA; 1%)/Tween 20 (0.05%), stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody to (STAT-5; Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA) for 40 min at room temperature, washed, then incubated with FITC anti-mouse (Santa Cruz) for a further 40 min. Nuclei were visualized using propidium iodide staining. Isotype controls for STAT-5 were routinely used. Fluorescence was visualized on a Leica microscope and data analyzed using Ipwin software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland).
Statistical Analysis
The mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated for the populations studied. To test the null hypothesis that there were no differences between samples of normal bone marrow, CD34+ cells and CD34+ cells from CML patients (H0), a two tailed Students t-test was applied, and p-values <0.05 were defined as determining statistical significance.
Results
FISH Analysis
CML patients presented in this study were all identified as Bcr-Abl fusion (Philadelphia chromosome)-positive by standard cytogenetics, where 100% of all metaphase cells scored were found to carry the translocation. To rigorously confirm that the sorted stem and progenitor cells used in this study were Bcr-Abl fusionpositive, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed. We used a highly sensitive method with probes that spanned the common breakpoints of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) and that detected double Bcr-Abl fusion in cells with this translocation, one on the abnormal chromosome 9 and one on the Philadelphia chromosome. With this method, the number of false positives and false negatives approaches zero (24,25). FISH analysis was performed on four of the five patients (including one sample of CML bone marrow) and, in each case, the CD34+Lin-cells were shown to be >95% Bcr-Abl fusion-positive. Furthermore, in two of the samples, sufficient CD34+Lin-Thy+ cells were isolated to be scored using this assay, and >80% were found to be Bcr-Abl fusion-positive. Using the same assay, no CD34+Lin-cells from normal donors were found to be Bcr-Abl fusion-positive in any of the samples.
Effect of Bcr-Abl Expression on the Maturational Profile of the Stem Cell Compartment
Subpopulations of stem cells that retain low levels of rhodamine-123 (Rh-123lo) contain the most primitive populations of stem cells defined so far, including quiescent long-term stably repopulating stem cells (26–29). Human CD34+Lin-Thy+Rh-123lo stem cells have been shown to initiate long-term cultures and to repopulate severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Hu mice (30,31). We performed multiparameter flow cytometric analysis to identify such functionally defined viable subpopulations within the CD34+ Lin− stem cell compartment (Fig. 1). Using a five parameter-based definition of the CD34 compartment, we were able, for the first time, to define the relative contributions of different subpopulations within CD34+Lin-, according to maturity in CML (Table 1 and Fig. 2A). We found that the proportion of CD34+Lin-Thy+ Rh-123lo cells in CML patients was significantly less than that seen in normal cells (2.3 ± 0.4, n = 5, and 5.1 ± 0.6, n = 3, respectively, p < 0.05) (Fig. 2A and Table 1). This clearly suggested that acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK caused some perturbation of this functional compartment, which represents the most primitive phenotypically defined human stem cell. Conversely, we found a significant increase in the proportion of cells with the more mature phenotype of CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123hi (high levels of rhodamine-123) in CML, compared with normal samples (79.3 ± 1.8, n = 5, and 70.9 ± 3.3, n = 3, respectively, p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the CD34+ Lin-Thy+ Rh-123hi or CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123lo compartments.
Within the CD34+ Lin− stem cell compartment, the ratio of primitive progenitors (Thy+ Rh-123lo) to more mature cells was increased in CML cells, compared with NBM (Fig. 2B). A ratio of 34.8: 1 CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123hi cells:CD34+Lin-Thy+Rh-123lo cells was seen in CML patients, compared with 13.9:1 in normal cells, indicating that the CML primitive progenitors underwent approximately one more cell division between the early and the late stages of the stem cell compartment. There was, therefore, overall amplification of the CD34+Lin-compartment, an observation that indicated a change in the self renewal/differentiation rate of CML cells, compared with normal cells. To analyze if this was associated with increased proliferation, we determined the cell cycle status of stem cell compartment subpopulations.
Cell Cycle Status of Bcr-Abl PTK Fusion-Positive CD34+ Lin− stem Cells
We analyzed highly enriched stem cell populations from Bcr-Abl fusion-positive CML patients to determine if cell cycling status was different in discrete populations of primitive CML stem cells, compared with the same compartments in samples from normal individuals. We found that CD34+Lin− in NBM had only a small proportion (approximately 6–12%) of cells in cycle when assessed directly on un-stimulated cell populations (Fig. 3), reflecting the generally quiescent nature of the stem cell compartment in vivo (32–34). In the CD34+ Lin-compartment from CML patients, there was a similar proportion in cycle (Fig. 3), compared with normal bone marrow.
Then, we used multicolor flow cytometry to measure five parameters, effectively including cell cycle status and Rh-123 retention (Fig. 1) in CD34+Lin-Thy+ cells. Low Rh-123 staining is thought to reflect reduced mitochondrial activity characteristic of very primitive, quiescent, long-term repopulating stem cells; whereas, higher staining is associated with increased mitochondrial activity in more mature and activated cells (35,36). Our simultaneous analysis of Rh-123 retention and cell cycle on CD34+Lin-Thy+ and CD34+Lin-Thy-populations enabled us, for the first time, to analyze directly the relationship between these functional parameters. We found, as expected, that NBM samples of CD34+ Lin-Thy+ cells that stained as Rh-123lo were essentially quiescent (Fig. 1, Table 1). Almost no cells were in-cycle (1.5% ± 0.7, n = 3, incycle); whereas, cells with higher retention of Rh-123 (Rh-123hi) were cycling to a much greater degree (8.3% ± 1.5, n = 3, in-cycle; Fig. 1 and Table 1). This profile was in keeping with observations from others using sequential staining, where stem cells sorted for low retention of Rh-123 were found to be out of cycle; whereas, cells sorted for high Rh-123 retention had a significant proportion of cells in cycle (29,32,37). What about the CD34+Lin-Thy+ cells from CML samples? These showed a similar overall profile, where cells with low retention of Rh-123 remained largely out of cycle and quiescent (Table1). The presence of this quiescent, noncycling population within the Bcr-Abl fusion-positive, primitive CML stem cells indicated that acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK did not necessarily potentiate cell cycling or activation in primitive cells. However, the small proportion of CD34+Lin-Thy+ Rh123lo cells in-cycle was higher in cells from CML patients (3.2% ± 0.8, n = 5, compared with 1.5% ± 0.7, n = 3, in NBM; Table 1, Fig. 2C). This difference in cell cycle status was even more marked in the CD34+Lin-Thy+Rh-123hi population, where 14.7% ± 3.5 (n = 5) of cells were in-cycle, compared with 8.3 ± 1.5 in NBM (n = 3; Table 1, Fig. 2C). We then extended our observations on Rh-123 staining to the more mature CD34+Lin-Thy-populations. In NBM, 1.0% ± 0.4 (n = 3) CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123lo cells were found to be in-cycle, compared with 2.9% ± 0.9 (n = 5) of cells in CML. As was seen in the CD34+Lin-Thy+ compartment, high Rh-123 retention was associated with an increase in the proportion of cells in-cycle in CD34+ Lin-Thy-cells, although, in this compartment, similar proportions of cells were found to be in-cycle in NBM and CML (12.0% ± 2.6 and 10.5% ± 2.3, respectively). Although we observed an overall trend of more cells cycling in the early compartments of CD34+Lin-populations in CML, compared with NBM, a statistical analysis of the data did not reveal any significant differences. It is possible that an analysis of a large number of samples might bring this to a statistically significant level. However, relatively subtle, but consistent, changes in cell cycling in such early stem cells in CML will have a profound impact on the production of mature cells. We, therefore, proposed that the expansion in the proportion of CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123hi in the CD34+Lin-compartment (Figs. 2A, 2B) was due largely to marginally increased cycling in the earlier compartments, most markedly within the CD34+ Lin-Thy+ Rh-123hi compartment.
Do Committed Progenitor Cells Cycle More Rapidly in CML Patients?
It might be argued that CML patients displayed the granulocytosis that defines this disease via excessive proliferation in the myeloid-committed progenitor cell compartment. However, the classical studies of Strife, Clarkson and colleagues (38,39) on CML patients using 3HdT labelling in vivo demonstrated elegantly that granulocyte precursors were cycling more slowly than normal progenitors. To see if we could use our approach to address this issue, we analyzed the cell cycle status of CML and NBM CD34+Lin+, which contained the myeloid-committed progenitor cells. Confirming earlier observations (38,39), we found (Fig. 3) that the CML CD34+Lin+ cells were cycling significantly less than NBM (14.7% ± 2.0, n = 5, in-cycle in CML, compared with 30.1% ± 2.3, n = 3, in NBM, p < 0.01). This analysis included two samples of CML bone marrow cells, to exclude the possibility that the difference was due to the use of peripheral blood rather than bone marrow. Thus, at no stage within the CD34 compartment were there anything more than the most subtle differences in cell cycle between CML and normal samples, until we met the CD34+Lin+ committed progenitors. In this case, CML cells cycle less than normal cells indicating that CML is not a hyperproliferative disorder.
STAT 5 Localization in CML Cells
Bcr-Abl PTK has been reported to stimulate cells into cytokine-independent growth through activation of the STAT 5 pathway (40), and STAT 5 phosphorylation has been reported to occur in CD34+ Bcr-Abl fusion-positive cells (21). However, as p27KIP is known to be increased in Bcr-Abl fusion-positive cells, yet located in the cytoplasm (where it must be inactive) (41), we decided to determine if STAT 5, a transcription factor, resided within the nucleus of CML progenitors. We, therefore, considered STAT 5 location in the nucleus as a measure of the activity of this protein (42). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared from normal samples and CML samples comprised mainly of mature CD34- cells, many with distinct nuclear morphology typical of myeloid cells (see Fig. 4A–D). In these cells, there was an increased nuclear localization of STAT 5 in samples from CML patients, compared with samples from normal individuals, where STAT 5 staining was largely cytoplasmic (n = 3; Fig. 4A–D). We also examined STAT 5 translocation in CD34+ cells from healthy individuals (n = 4) and CML patients (n = 3). All three CML samples were confirmed to be >95% Bcr-Abl fusion-positive by FISH. In each sample, there was evidence of some STAT 5 in the nucleus, but no clear difference in STAT 5 nuclear/cytosol ratios between normal and CML samples (Fig. 4E–H).
Discussion
CML is a complex disease that results from the formation of a Bcr-Abl PTK fusion protein in multipotential bone marrow stem cells. In this study, we rigorously investigated the consequences of acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK on the maturation and proliferation of the CML haematopoietic stem cell compartment in patients presenting with CML.
We used five-color multiparameter flow cytometry to analyze the most primitive human stem cells identified to date (CD34+Lin-Thy+ Rh-123lo), which have been functionally defined by their ability to initiate long-term cultures in vitro and to give long-term reconstitution of SCID mice in vivo (30,31). Our study reveals that there is a significant decrease in the relative proportion of these cells within the CD34+Lin− stem cell compartment, compared with normal cells. This is accompanied by a significant increase in the proportion of mature cells in the later CD34+Lin-Thy-Rh-123hi compartment (Fig. 2A). Thus, we identified distinct and significant perturbations in the maturational hierarchy of the CML stem cell compartment as a consequence of the acquistion of Bcr-Abl PTK. Furthermore, an analysis of the ratio of CD34+ Lin-Thy+ Rh-123lo primitive stem cells to those that enter more mature compartments demonstrates that, in CML, there is an increased expansion during development of the CD34+ lin-Thy+ Rh-123lo subpopulation, compared with normal bone marrow. This must reflect an increased number of cell divisions in CML samples, compared with normal bone marrow during this transition.
We previously showed that activated Abl PTK can interfere with [3H]-thymidine suicide assays or cytotoxic-drug-induced (such as cytosine arabinoside) cell death (43). This is probably linked to Bcr-Abl-mediated suppression of apoptosis. Unfortunately, both of the above agents are invaluable for cell cycle analysis, but may not be appropriate for the study of CML. In this study therefore, we used a multiparameter flow cytometric assay to directly assess the cell cycle status of cells with Bcr-Abl PTK isolated from patients, and to simultaneously identify subpopulations of cells, such as those with low retention of Rh-123. In this way, we can build a picture of the true extent to which CML is a proliferative disorder and pinpoint the population in the stem cell hierarchy where this proliferation occurs. We found that Bcr-Abl fusionpositive stem cells from patients with CML do not show overt changes in proliferative status, compared with NBM stem cells across the board. The most marked changes were seen in the CD34+Lin-Thy+Rh-123hi compartment (where the cells are undergoing more active proliferation, compared with the heavily quiescent Rh-123lo compartment). In these early two compartments, subtle changes in proliferation and maturation has a potent impact on the size and composition of more mature populations derived from these cells. The small changes in the Rh-123lo and more marked changes in the Rh-123hi populations may, therefore, be the “driving force” for our observed increase in the proportion of mature cells.
A recent study also shows a small (but in this case, statistically significant) decrease in the percentage of cells in G0/G1 in CD34+ stem cells from patients with CML, compared with NBM (78.1%, compared with 83.5%, respectively) in patients undergoing treatment with hydroxyurea (44). Importantly, the Bcr-Abl fusion-positive cells used in our study are from patients at presentation, before treatment, and reflect the initial state of the disease without perturbation by treatment with hydroxyurea that may affect the cell cycle status of the stem cells (45). As such, our study gives a better indication of the natural history of CML.
It has been found that CML Bcr-Abl fusion-positive stem cells differ from normal cells in their growth characteristics in long-term cultures where they exhibit decreased self renewal (46,47) and growth factor independence (21). It also has been suggested that most of the leukemic long term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) population is in-cycle (48–50).
We now show that the potential for the dysregulated growth and proliferation of primitive Bcr-Abl fusion-positive stem cells in culture is not reflected in an overt change in the cell cycle status of the cells as they exist in vivo. Rather, these cells show consistent, subtle changes in the proportion of cells in-cycle, which may have important consequences for expansion in the more mature compartments. We found, however, that changes in the maturational hierarchy do occur within the CD34+ Lin− compartment of CML patients in vivo, supporting a role for a change in self renewal/differentiation balance during proliferation. Our experiments also show that acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK does not perturb the Rh-123 staining profiles of haematopoietic stem cells and we suggest that stem cells may remain quiescent in vivo, despite acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK. Our observations are in keeping with many of the early features of CML, where changes in the stem cell compartment are not clinically manifested for a considerable time and the cells remain, in many respects, phenotypically similar to their normal counterparts. The existence of such a population may also explain the refractoriness of these cells to cell-cycle-specific drugs in vivo. It recently has been shown that primitive quiescent Bcr-Abl fusion-positive stem cells capable of repopulating SCID mice can be defined (50), supporting the notion that acquisition of Bcr-Abl PTK does not necessarily induce stem cells to activate or proliferate. Our study highlights the importance of examining the consequences of Bcr-Abl PTK acquisition in the context of the correct cell type, since effects seen in other cells may not necessarily be extrapolated to primary stem cells. Indeed, in the present study, we confirm the original observations of Strife, Clarkson, and colleagues (38,39) that as the Bcr-Abl fusion-positive stem cells mature into committed progenitors they cycle less than their normal counterparts, thus, granulocyte precursors are cycling more slowly than normal progenitors. CML in vivo does appear to be a disease of discordant development.
Phosphorylation of STAT 5 has been associated with Bcr-Abl PTK activation in growth factor-independent CML-derived cell lines and murine bone marrow transformed by Bcr-Abl (40), and most recently, in Bcr-Abl fusionpositive primary CD34+ stem cells from CML patients (21). In the current study, we looked at the functional consequence of STAT 5 phosphorylation, translocation to the nucleus, as an indicator of cell activation by Bcr-Abl. We found that mature cells in the peripheral blood of CML patients had evidence of STAT 5 translocation; whereas, normal cells had mainly cytoplasmic staining. STAT 5 phosphorylation has been shown in CD34+ CML stem cells (21) and our data from the CD34+ stem cell compartment suggests that STAT 5 translocation to the nucleus may occur as a consequence of this phosphorylation. Interestingly, translocation was also seen in a proportion of CD34+ progenitors from normal bone marrow, indicating that, as might be expected, STAT 5 translocation is a consequence of normal cytokine-mediated developmental processes in the CD34 compartment.
We, therefore, suggest that the consequence of Bcr-Abl expression in vivo is the altering of the self-renewal/maturation balance in primitive stem cells that results in discordant development, as proposed in the classical studies of Strife, Clarkson, and collegues (38,39) rather than overt potentiation of leukaemic cell cycling. Changes in proliferative status as a consequence of Bcr-Abl PTK acquisition are subtle and appear early on, but combined with the change in maturational balance, have dramatic effects on the more mature cells giving rise to the clinical manifestation of CML.
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Acknowledgments
This work was performed at the Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, UMIST, Sackville Street, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK. This work was supported by the Leukaemia Research Fund. We would like to thank Jane Owen-Lynch and Clare Murphy for helpful discussions and the members of the Stem Cell Lab at Nottingham City Hospital for their help in obtaining NBM.
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Buckle, AM., Mottram, R., Pierce, A. et al. The Effect of Bcr-Abl Protein Tyrosine Kinase on Maturation and Proliferation of Primitive Haematopoietic Cells. Mol Med 6, 892–902 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401826
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401826